الفرق بين بعض حروف الجر شائعة الإستخدام
في اللغة الإنجليزية (الجزء الثالث)
الفرق بين of,
out of, from, with بعد made
نستخدم made of, made out of بمعنى صنع من عندما نكون على
دراية بمادة التصنيع the material(s) فنقول :
Made of wood
مصنوع من الخشب
Made of iron
مصنوع من الحديد
ونستخدم made from عندما تكون المكونات ingredients غامضة بعض الشئ أو غير واضحة في الوقت الحالي not obvious فنقول :
A cake made from eggs, milk and flour.
كيكة مصنوعة من البيض واللبن والبيض. (مجرد رأى فقد تكون هناك مكونات أخرى
غير هذه)
نستخدم made with
أذا أردنا أن نوضح مكون أو أكثر من مكونات تصنيع الشئ فنقول :
These chocolates are made with fresh cream.
هذا الشيكولاتة مصنوعة بالكريمة الطازجة (أي أن الكريمة الطازجة أحد
مكوناتها بالإضافة إلى المكونات الأخرى والتي لم تذكر في الجملة)
الفرق بين of,
off
لا نستخدم of, off
بدلا من بعضهما أي أن أحدهما لا يمكن أن تحل محل الأخرى. دائمًا نستخدم أسم أو
ضمير مفعول بعد of فنقول :
North of the river
شمال النهر
A woman of 50
أمرأة خمسينية
يمكن أن نستخدم مفعول بعد off أو نستخدمها بمفردها on its own لنقترح
الإنفصال separation
فنقول :
He ran off without turning back.
جرى بدون أن يلتفت وراء
Just off the motorway.
قبالة الطريق السريع
الفرق بين on,
in
نستخدم كلتا الحرفين للإشارة إلى الجسم إلا أن on تشير إلى السطح surface ولكن in تشير إلى العمق deep أو إلى الألم deep
On your nose
على أنفك
A speck in my eye.
بقعة في عينى
A pain in my stomach.
ألم في معدتى
الفرق بين out
of, outside
Out of
هي عكس into
عندما نشير إلى الحركة أو نصف الحركة
We ran out of the building.
جرينا خارج المبنى
وبهذا المعنى لا يمكن أن نستبدل out of بـ outside ولكن قارن إذا أستخدمت بدون أن
تصف الحركة :
He is out of his office. (not here)
هو خارج مكتبه أو ليس في مكتبه (أي ليس موجود هنا)
He is outside the office (waiting)
هو خارج المكتب (أي ينتظر خارج المكتب)
الفرق بين over,
above, on top of
Over تعنى التغطية إلى حد التلامس في بعض الأحيان فنقول
:
Keep the blankets over you.
ضع هذه البطاطين عليك
Above تعنى فوق أو أعلى ولكن ليس ملامس فنقول :
A light above my head.
مصباح فوق رأسى
On top of تعنى على شيء
إلى حد التلامس فنقول :
On top of the TV.
على التلفاز (أي ملامسًا له قطعًأ)
يمكن أن نستخدم over, above مكان بعضهما البعض إذا إردنا
أن نشير إلى الإرتفاع الرأسى
a helicopter over/above a lifeboat.
طائرة هليكوبتر فوق قارب النجاة
عندما نشير إلى أن شيء يعلو شيء أخر أو فوقه دون ارتفاع رأسى فلا يمكن أن
نستخدم الكلمتين بدلا من بعضهما فنقول مثلا إذا أردنا أن نصف قطتين على الشجر
أحدهما فوق الأخرى نقول :
A was above B.
القطة الأولى فوق الثانية أو تعلو الثانية
ولا نقول
A was over B.
يمكن أيضًا أن نستخدم الكلمتين للإشارة إلى الدرجة أو الرتبة rank فنقول :
Over/ above the rank of colonel.
أعلى رتبة من الكولونيل.
الفرق بين under,
underneath, below
Under تعنى أسفل أو مغطى بـ covered with إلى حد
التلامس في بعض الأحيان
Underneath تعنى مغطى تمامًأ بشئ completely
covered
A mat under/ underneath a hot dish.
سجادة أسفل طبق ساخن
Below هي عكس above ويمكن أن نستخدمها بدلا من under/
underneath
ولكن below
وليس under
تشير الموضع position
Under the knee.
أسفل الركبة
الفرق بين with,
without
نستخدم with بمعنى بمصاحبة accompanied
by
ونستخدم without بمعنى بدون مصاحبة أو مرافقة not
accompanied by
فنقول :
With/ Without my sister.
بمصاحبة / بدون مصاحبة أختى
With
يمكن أن تعنى having فنقول :
With your hands in your pockets.
أي واضعًأ يدك في جيبك !
وتعنى أيضًا الأخذ في الإعتبار taking into consideration
With the high cost of living.
مع أرتفاع تكلفة المعيشة
With تأتى مع صفات شائعة مثل angry فنقول :
With angry
غاضبًأ
وتستخدم في تعبيرات مثل
blue with cold
ينتفض من البرد
Without متبوعة بفعل مضاف له ing تعنى
"لا يفعل شيء"
Go into the room without waking the children.
إذهب إلى الغرفة بدون أن توفظ الأطفال
الفرق بين with,
without, in, of
نستخدم with بمعنى يحمل carrying ونستخدم without
بمعنى لا يحمل not carrying فنقول :
With a hand bag.
حاملأ حقيبة
Without any money
غير حاملًا أيه نقود
يمكن أن نستخدم with للإشارة إلى الأوصاف الجسدية وماشابه مثل
المكياج make up
وقصات الشعر hair style فنقول :
With a big nose
بأنف كبيرة
With pink lipstick
بأحمر شفاه وردى
نستخدم in بمعنى يرتدى wearing فنقول :
The man in the blue suit.
الرجل بالسترة الزرقاء (الذى يرتدى السترة الزرقاء)
يمكن أن نستخدم in للإشارة إلى طبقة الصوت فنقول :
In a loud voice
بصوت مرتفع
Of يمكن أن تصف الصفات الشخصية personal
qualities فنقول :
A man of courage
رجل الشجاعة
ويمكن أن نستخدمها للعمر فنقول :
A man of 65
الرجل ذو الخمسة والستين عاما
أو الثروة wealth فنقول :
A woman of substance.
أمرأة ذات ثروة
تدريب exercise
Supply
suitable words. Refer to the notes only when you have to.
of, out of, from or with after made?
You
rarely find toys made ………….solid wood.
Beer
is made ............. hops.
Bronze
is made ............. copper and tin.
This
sauce is made ............. fresh cream.
of or off?
We
live south ............. the river.
Our
house is just ............. the main road.
on or in?
There's
a black mark ............. your nose.
I've
got a speck of dust ............. my eye.
I've
got a deep cut ............. my foot.
I've
got a light scratch ............. my arm.
out of or outside?
We
ran ............. the house, into the street.
Mr
Ray's not here. He's ............. his office.
Please
wait ............. the headmaster's study.
There
was a big crowd ............. the building.
with or without?
Enter
the room ............. making a noise. .
............
all our expenses, we can't save.
She
was very angry ............. me.
I
turned blue ............. cold.
'Life
............. father' is a famous book.
As
an orphan, I grew up ............. parents.
He
stood ............. his hands in his pockets.
I
was green ............. envy!
over, above or on top of?
I
can't sleep with a light ............. my head.
Don't
put that cup ………….my papers, please.
The
helicopter was ............. the lifeboat.
My
bedroom is ............. the kitchen.
We
have the sky ............. us.
We
don't want a boss like that ............. us.
Major
is ............. the rank of Captain.
His
work is ............. average.
The
answer is on the next page. See ..............
under, underneath or below?
There's
nothing new ............. the sun.
I
think she's ............. 17.
Put
a mat ………… that saucepan.
The
stone hit me just ............. the knee.
What's
............. the rank of Captain?
She swam just ............. the surface.
I
have two people ………….. me at work.
with, without, in or of?
Who's
the woman ............. the green umbrella?
I
can't pay. I'm ............. any money.
The
camera comes ............. a case included.
Who's
the woman ............. the green blouse?
He
spoke ............. a quiet voice.
He's
a man ............. a red moustache.
She's
a woman…………. 38.
She's
a woman ............. intelligence.
الإجابات answers
of, out of, from or with after made?
You
rarely find toys made of / out of solid wood.
Beer
is made from hops.
Bronze
is made from copper and tin.
This
sauce is made with fresh cream.
of or off?
We
live south of the river.
Our
house is just off the main road.
on or in?
There's
a black mark on your nose.
I've
got a speck of dust in my eye.
I've
got a deep cut in my foot.
I've
got a light scratch on my arm.
out of or outside?
We
ran out of the house, into the street.
Mr
Ray's not here. He's out of his office.
Please
wait outside the headmaster's study.
There
was a big crowd outside the building.
with or without?
Enter
the room without making a noise. .
With all our expenses, we can't save.
She
was very angry with me.
I
turned blue with cold.
'Life
with/without father' is a famous book.
As
an orphan, I grew up without parents.
He
stood with his hands in his pockets.
I
was green with envy!
over, above or on top of?
I
can't sleep with a light above/over my head.
Don't
put that cup on top of my papers, please.
The
helicopter was over/above the lifeboat.
My
bedroom is over/above the kitchen.
We
have the sky above us.
We
don't want a boss like that over us.
Major
is above the rank of Captain.
His
work is above average.
The
answer is on the next page. See over.
under, underneath or below?
There's
nothing new under the sun.
I
think she's under 17.
Put
a mat under/underneath/below that saucepan.
The
stone hit me just below the knee.
What's
below/under the rank of Captain?
She swam just below/under/underneath
the surface.
I
have two people under me at work.
with, without, in or of?
Who's
the woman with the green umbrella?
I
can't pay. I'm without any money.
The
camera comes with a case included.
Who's
the woman in the green blouse?
He
spoke in a quiet voice.
He's
a man with a red moustache.
She's
a woman of 38.
She's
a woman of intelligence.
تدريب 2 exercise
2
Put
in with, out of, over, off, of, in, above, below, on top of.
THE
AMAZING FLYING HAT
She
was a striking woman ................ about 25, dressed for the races. ........................
her smart dress and fantastic hat made …………….. feathers, she drew admiring
glances as she walked down the street. Her hat attracted even more attention
when a gust ........................ wind lifted it ........................
her head and carried it into the air. We all stopped to watch as this amazing
hat flew ........................ our heads. People came
........................ buildings and into tile street. The young
woman........................ the smart dress was as entertained as the rest…………
us. Suddenly, the hat rested........................ a high building and we
lost sight of it. Then the wind lifted it up again. 'There it is!' cried a man
........................ an umbrella. He jabbed his umbrella at the sky
......................... Then an amazing thing happened. The hat simply
disappeared! The mystery was solved when someone shouted
........................ a loud voice. There was a tall yellow crane
........................ a high building and the crane driver looked down at
the crowd ......................... 'Lost your hat, miss?' the crane driver
cried and we all gasped ........................ surprise when we saw that the
hat had been caught by his crane!
الإجابات answers
THE
AMAZING FLYING HAT
She
was a striking woman of about 25, dressed for
the races. In her smart dress and fantastic hat
made of/out of feathers, she drew admiring
glances as she walked down the street. Her hat attracted even more attention
when a gust of wind lifted it off her head and carried it into the air. We all
stopped to watch as this amazing hat flew over/above our
heads. People came out of buildings and into
tile street. The young woman in the smart dress
was as entertained as the rest of us. Suddenly,
the hat rested on top of a high building and we
lost sight of it. Then the wind lifted it up again. 'There it is!' cried a man with an umbrella. He jabbed his umbrella at the sky above Then an amazing thing happened. The hat simply
disappeared! The mystery was solved when someone shouted in a loud voice. There was a tall yellow crane on top of a high building and the crane driver looked
down at the crowd below 'Lost your hat, miss?'
the crane driver cried and we all gasped in/with surprise
when we saw that the hat had been caught by his crane!
إرسال تعليق