الفرق بين بعض حروف الجر شائعة الإستخدام في قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية

الفرق بين بعض حروف الجر شائعة الإستخدام في قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية

الفرق بين  on, about

حرفى الجر about, on بمعنى يخص أو يعنى أو عن concerning

 تستخدم on  بطريقة رسمية formal أي في الكتابات النصية لتشير إلى كتاب نصى text book فنقول :

A textbook on physics.

كتاب نصى أو كتاب مدرسى عن الفيزياء

About تستخدم بطريقة غير رسمية informal way أي في المحادثات اليومية فنقول :

A book about animals.

كتاب عن الحيوانات

الفرق بين according to, by

نستخدم according to عندما نشير إلى معلومات جاءت من مصادر خارجية فنقول :

According to him.

طبقًا له أو تبعًا لما قال

According to this guide book.

طبقًا لذلك الدليل الإرشادى أو الكتاب الإرشادى

ولكن عندما نشير لأنفسنا لا نقول according to  ولكن نقول : in my opinion  ، فلا نقول مثلا according to me

يمكن أيضًا أن نستخدم according to, by عندما نشير إلى الساعة أو جدول المواعيد time table or clock  فنقول :

By or according to my watch.

الفرق بين across , over

يمكن أن نستخدم حرفى الجر across, over لنقصد "من أحد الجوانب إلى الجانب الأخر" from one side to the other

My house is across/ over the river.

منزلى على الجانب الأخر من النهر

ولكن لا نستخدم over  للمناطق الواسعة large areas فنقول :

They're laying a pipeline across Siberia.

أنهم يضعون خط أنابيب عبر سيبيريا

ومن الخطأ أن نقول over Siberia

نستخدم over بعد أفعال مثل wander يتجول لنعنى أو نقصد هنا وهناك here and there

نستخدم across  لنصف الحركة في المياه فنقول :

Across the river.

عبر النهر

She swam across the channel.

هي عامت عبر القناة

ومن الخطأ أن نقول :

She swam over the channel.

ولكن يمكن أن نقول :

Over a wall/ a fence

على حائط ، على سور

ولا نقول :

Across a wall / a fence

الفرق بين across, through

Through تعنى خلال أو من أحد الجوانب إلى الجانب الأخر وتشير إلى أشياء مثل نفق tunnel  فنقول  :

Through a pipe

خلال ماسورة (من أحد جوانب الماسورة إلى الجانب الأخر)

Water runs through pipes.

تمر المياه خلال أنابيب

ويمكن أيضأ أن تأتى مع شيء كثيف أو متشابك dense  مثل الغابة فنقول :

Through a forest

عبر الغابة

أما a cross  فهى تشير إلى مناطق كبيرة شاسعة فنقول :

Across the desert

عبر الصحراء

ولكن هناك بعض الأسماء يمكن أن نستخدم معها across, through  مثل  park الحديقة العامة

الفرق بين after, afterwards

بصفة عامة فأننا نستخدم أسم أو ضمير بعد after  فنقول :

After lunch

بعد الغداء

أما afterwards  فتستخدم بمفردها ومعناها بعد ذلك :

We had a swim in the sea. Afterwards we lay on the beach.

عمنا في البحر. بعد ذلك أستلقينا على الشاطئ.

الفرق بين around, about

نستخدم الكلمات للتعبير عن إفتقاد الغرض أو الهدف lack of purpose  فنقول :

We didn't have anything to do, so we started fooling around/about.

ليس لدينا ما نفعله، لذا بدأنا بعمل أشياء سخيفة (أو إرتكاب حماقات بسبب الفراغ الذى نحن فيه)

أما around  فتستخدم بمعنى قريب أو بالقرب فنقول :

He lives around / round here.

أنه يعيش بالقرب من هنا.

ومن الخطأ أن نقول : about here

الفرق بين at, against

نستخدم at  بعد بعض الصفات مثل good, clever وبعد بعض الأفعال مثل throw  يرمى

At  تعنى إصابة هدف  taking aim ولاحظ معى الفرق بين الأتى :

Throw at (to hit)

Through to (for someone to catch)

الأولى معناها يصوب نحو أو يصيب هدف

والثانية معناها يمسك إذا جاءت مع الأشخاص

عندما لا تكون هناك أدنى فكرة أو أية نية لإصابة الهدف taking aim فإننا نستخدم against  بمعنى في المقابل أو ضد فنقول :

Through the ball against the wall.

أرمى الكرة على الحائط (دون تحديد نقطة معينة تقع عليها الكرة)

وتأتى against  مع fight  فنقول :

Fight against

يحارب ضد

نستخدم at أيضًأ مع السرعات والأسعار speed and price

At 100 miles an hour

بسرعة مائة ميل في الساعة

At $2 each.

بسعر أثنين دولار للواحد أو للواحدة

حرف الجر away

تأتى أو تتحد away مع far  فنقول far away بمعنى بعيد وتتحد أيضًا مع from فنقول from away  بمعنى من بعيد وتأتى أيضأ مع بعض الأفعال مثل live, work لتشير إلى المسافة distance

I live 5 miles away.

أعيش على بعد خمسة أميال.

ومن الخطأ أن نقول :

I live 5 miles far away.

الفرق بين because, because of

نستخدم because  لأعطاء السبب فنقول :

We left the party because it was noisy.

غادرنا الحفلة لأنها كانت صاخبة.

ونستخدم اسم أو ضمير بعد because of  فنقول :

We left the party because of the noise.

الفرق بين before, in front of

نستخدم دائمًا before للإشارة إلى الوقت بمعنى "قبل" فنقول

Before 7

قبل السابعة

ولكن in front of  بمعنى أمام  وعكسها behind  بمعنى خلف  تشير إلى المكان position

ويمكن أيضًأ أن نستخدم before, in front of  بعد أفعال come , go

الفرق بين in front of, at the back (of), back

يمكن أن نضع أسم أو ضمير noun or pronoun  بعد behind فنقول :

Behind this house

خلف هذا المنزل

أو يمكن أن نستخدم كلمة behind  وحدها فنقول :

There's a garden behind.

توجد حديقة بالخلف.

أو يمكن أن نقول

There's a garden at the back of this house.

توجد حديقة خلف هذا المنزل

او نقول :

The garden is at the back.

الحديقة بالخلف

ولا يجب ان تخلط back  مع again

فمعنى جملة :

Invite them back.

أي أعد دعوتهم مرة ثانية أو أعد ضيافتهم مرة ثانية.

ولا يجب أن تستخدم back  بعد الفعل return

فنقول :

We returned early.

ولا نقول :

We returned back.

ولاحظ أن

3 years back = 3 years ago.

تدريب exercise

about or on?

Read this article ....... the Antarctic.

I've read a lot of books………… animals.

according to or by?

............. Dr Pim, the sea is rising.

……………..the timetable, the train leaves at 8.27.

It's 10.15  ............. my watch.

across or over?

There's a newsagent's ............. the road.

No one wants a pipeline............. Alaska.

We skated ............. the frozen lake.

I'm going to swim …………..the river.

across or through?

Nothing can flow ............. this pipe.

We managed to get ............. the jungle.

 I've never walked………… the park.

away (add far where possible)
I see storm clouds ............. in the distance.

London is 15 miles …………from here.

because or because of?

 I couldn't get to work ………….I was ill.

I couldn't get to work…………… my illness.

before or in front of?
 Make sure you're there……………. 7.

I'll wait for you ............. the shop.

You come ............. me in the queue.

after or afterwards?

Come and see me ............. work.

We tidied up. Our guests arrived soon .............

We had a swim and ............. we sunbathed.

around or about?

We stood ............. waiting.

I wish you'd stop fooling .............

Let me show you ............. the house.

He lives somewhere ............. Manchester.

at, to or against?

I'm not very good ............. figures.

Throw it ............. me so that I can catch it.

Jim is always throwing stones ............. birds.

We fought ............. the enemy.

Ron is driving ............. 100 miles an hour.

We have combs ............. $2 each.

behind, at the back (of) or back?

There's a garden in front and one .............

Keep this book. I don't want it .............

There's a garden ............. the house.

I saw him four years .................

They invited us. We must invite them .............

We had to go ............. early after the party.

Put it ............. in its place.

I've fallen ............. in my work.

I tried to lift it out of the hole but it fell .............

الإجابات answers

about or on?

Read this article on the Antarctic.

I've read a lot of books about animals.

according to or by?

According to Dr Pim, the sea is rising.

According to (or) by the timetable, the train leaves at 8.27.

It's 10.15 according to (or) by my watch.

across or over?

There's a newsagent's across or over the road.

No one wants a pipeline across Alaska.

We skated over the frozen lake.

I'm going to swim across the river.

across or through?

Nothing can flow through this pipe.

We managed to get through the jungle.

 I've never walked across or through the park.

away (add far where possible)

I see storm clouds far away in the distance.

London is 15 miles away from here.

because or because of?

 I couldn't get to work because I was ill.

I couldn't get to work because of my illness.

before or in front of?
 Make sure you're there before 7.

I'll wait for you in front of the shop.

You come in front of me in the queue.

after or afterwards?

Come and see me after work.

We tidied up. Our guests arrived soon afterwards.

We had a swim and afterwards we sunbathed.

around or about?

We stood around or about waiting.

I wish you'd stop fooling around or about.

Let me show you around the house.

He lives somewhere around Manchester.

at, to or against?

I'm not very good at figures.

Throw it to me so that I can catch it.

Jim is always throwing stones at birds.

We fought against the enemy.

Ron is driving at 100 miles an hour.

We have combs at $2 each.

behind, at the back (of) or back?

There's a garden in front and one at the back.

Keep this book. I don't want it back.

There's a garden behind the house.

I saw him four years back.

They invited us. We must invite them back.

We had to go back early after the party.

Put it back in its place.

I've fallen behind in my work.

I tried to lift it out of the hole but it fell behind.

تدريب exercise

Put in about, according to, across, after, at, away, because, before, behind, in front of, on.

A GOOD EYE FOR A LEFT EAR

My friend Jonathan, who lives…...... the road, develops and prints films. ......................... Jonathan most of us take awful pictures. Usually, we fail to aim ........................ the subject so that the subject is not even in the picture. Sometimes the subject is too far ......................... sometimes too near. Some photos are spoilt because the sun is ………….us, when of course, it should always be  ........................ us. Some of us take blank pictures  ........................ we take the lens cover off ........................ we have taken our shots. We take most of our pictures when we are on holiday and like to catch our friends when they are fooling......................... It's a pity we don't practise using our cameras ……………  we go on holiday. A good book  ........................ photography would make us better ........................ taking pictures, but most of us are too lazy to bother. I asked Jonathan what was the worst film he had ever seen. He didn't have to think very hard ........................ the question. At once he answered, 'Twenty-four shots of the photographer's left ear!"

الإجابات answers

My friend Jonathan, who lives across the road, develops and prints films. According to Jonathan most of us take awful pictures. Usually, we fail to aim at the subject so that the subject is not even in the picture. Sometimes the subject is too far away sometimes too near. Some photos are spoilt because the sun is in front of us, when of course, it should always be behind us. Some of us take blank pictures because we take the lens cover off after we have taken our shots. We take most of our pictures when we are on holiday and like to catch our friends when they are fooling about. It's a pity we don't practise using our cameras before we go on holiday. A good book on (or about) photography would make us better at taking pictures, but most of us are too lazy to bother. I asked Jonathan what was the worst film he had ever seen. He didn't have to think very hard about the question. At once he answered, 'Twenty-four shots of the photographer's left ear!"