The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
شرح زمن الماضى التام البسيط والماضى
التام المستمر
تكوين زمن الماضى التام البسيط
يتكون زمن الماضى
التام البسيط من فعل have في الماضى أي had كفعل مساعد
والفعل الأساسى في الجملة يكون في التصريف الثالث
Had
+ pp
I
had worked.
He
had worked.
They
had worked.
Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
إستخدامات زمن الماضى التام البسيط
عندما يكون لدينا
جملتين في الماضى فلسنا ملزمين بإستخدام الماضى التام في أحد الجملتين، بل يمكن أن
يكون كلا الحدثين في الماضى البسيط أو بمعنى أخر نستخدم زمن الماضى البسيط مع
الفعلين أو الحدثين في الماضى كما في المثال التالى:
After I finished work, I
went home. (past simple + past simple)
بعد أن أنهيت عملى، ذهبت إلى المنزل (الفعلين في زمن الماضى البسيط)
ولكننا نستخدم الماضى التام عندما نريد أن نحدد أن فعل قد حدث أولًا وذلك
لإزالة لبس أو غموض كما في الأمثلة التالية :
When
I arrived, Ann left. (at that moment)
عندما وصلت، آن غادرت (أي في نفس وقت وصولى، كانت آن قد غادرت أو ذهبت)
When
I arrived, Ann had left. (before I got there)
عندما وصلت، كانت آن قد ذهبت (أي أنها غادرت قبل وصولى)
نستخدم الماضى التام لنشير لى الماضى البعيد أو الحدث الذى حدث أولًا بين
حدثين أو مجموعة أحداث :
مزيد من الأمثلة
First
the patient died. Then the doctor arrived.
أولًا : مات المريض ، بعد ذلك وصل الطبيب، فالحدث الذى حدث أولًا وهو موت
المريض نضعه في الماضى التام:
The
patient had died when the doctor arrived.
كان المريض قد مات عندما وصل الطبيب.
نستخدم الماضى التام في الغالب مع الروابط التالية :
When عندما
After بعد
As soon as بمجرد أن
By the time قبل
ونستخدم ظروف الزمان مثل
Already
تمامًا
Ever
من قبل
Never
أبدًا
Before
قبل
تدريب exercise
Supply the simple past or the simple past perfect. Show when both are
possible.
إستخدم زمن الماضى البسيط أو الماضى التام ووضح الجمل
التي يمكن أن نستخدم معها الزمنين
1.
They …………... the gates before I
........................... there. (lock, get)
2.
By the time we
................................... the party
...................................... (arrive, finish)
3.
I ............................. the shop as
soon as I ............................. the contents of the box. (ring, check)
4.
After we ............................ it on
the phone, I ............................ him a letter about it. (discuss,
write)
5.
We ...................................... a
good rest when our guests. ...................................... (have, all
leave)
6.
When she ................ the office this
morning, Jim. ............................................ (ring, already go
out)
7.
Before we ................ Tim to the theatre,
he ........................... a stage play before. (take, never see)
8.
I ................ the carpet when the dog
................ in and ................ himself. (just clean, come, shake)
9.
He ............... to do the job in an hour,
but he still ........................ by 10 o'clock. (promise, not finish)
الإجابات answers
1.
They locked (or) had locked
the gates before I got there. (lock, get)
2.
By the time we arrived the party had finished
(arrive, finish)
3.
I rang the shop as soon as I checked (or) had
checked the contents of the box. (ring, check)
4.
After we discussed (or) had discussed it on
the phone, I wrote him a letter about it. (discuss, write)
5.
We had a good rest when our guests. Had all
left (have, all leave)
6.
When she rang the office this morning, Jim. Had
already gone out (ring, already go out)
7.
Before we took Tim to the theatre, he had
never seen a stage play before. (take, never see)
8.
I had just cleaned the carpet when the dog came
in and shook himself. (just clean, come, shake)
9.
He promised (or) had promised to do the job in
an hour, but he still hadn't finished by 10 o'clock. (promise, not finish)
تكوين زمن المضارع التام المستمر والماضى التام المستمر
يتكون زمن المضارع التام المستمر من
Have been (or) has been + v + ing
Have تأتى مع الضمائر I, we, you,
they
والأسم الجمع
Has تأتى مع الضمائر he, she, it والأسم
المفرد
I have been working all morning.
He has been sleeping all day.
يتكون زمن الماضى التام المستمر من
Had been + v + ing
I had been building my garage since 2000
He had been writing letters for three years.
Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had
been working'
إستخدامات المضارع التام المستمر والماضى التام المستمر
الماضى التام المستمر هو الفعل او الشكل الماضى أو الزمن الماضى من زمن
المضارع التام المستمر، الشكل المستمر للفعل هو تأكيد على إستمرارية الحدث سواء في
الماضى القريب أم البعيد، وللمضارع التام المستمر والماضى المستمر أربع إستخدامات
أساسية بيانها كالتالى :
1 - نستخدم الماضى التام والماضى المستمر لنأكد على إستمرارية حدث في في
خلال فترة زمنية ولتوضيح أكثر للمعنى
لنتأمل الجمل التالية :
present
perfect progressive: She is very tired. She has been typing all day.
past
perfect progressive: She was very tired. She had been typing all day.
الجملة الأولى في زمن المضارع التام المستمر والجملة الثانية في زمن الماضى
التام المستمر الجملة الأولى مازالت تكتب ، والجملة الثانية توقفت منذ فترة قريبة
عن الكتابة (ليست الآن).
2 - نستخدم المضارع التام المستمر والماضى التام المسترم مع بعض الأفعال التي
تعنى معنى الإستمرارية في ذاتها:
Learn
يتعلم
Lie
يرقد
Live
يعيش
Wait
ينتظر
Work
يعمل
We
say: I've waited for two hours. (Simple present perfect)
Or:
I've been waiting for two hours. (Present perfect progressive)
We
say: I'd waited for two hours before he arrived. (Simple past perfect)
Or: I'd been waiting for two hours before he
arrived. (Past perfect progressive)
3 - نستخدم المضارع التام والماضى التام المستمر مع الأحداث المتكررة
present
perfect progressive: He's been phoning every night for a month. past perfect
progressive: He'd been phoning every night for a month.
الجملة الأولى في المضارع التام المستمر : إنه مازال
يتصل كل ليلة لمدة شهر (أي أنه منذ شهر وهو يتصل كل ليلة حتى هذه الليلة)
الجملة الثانية في الماضى التام المستمر : لقد كان يتصل
كل ليلة لمدة شهر (أنه كان يتصل كل ليلة لمدة شهر وتوقف عن الإتصال منذ فترة وهذه
الفترة ليست في الوقت الحالي فربما توقف منذ أسبوع أو شهر أو أكثر فالزمن لم يحدد،
ولكن على أي حال لم يتوقف للتو)
4 – نستخدم المضارع التام المستمر والماضى التام المستمر
في الإستنتاجات بناءًا على أحداث معنية :
present
perfect progressive: Her eyes are red. It's clear she's been crying.
past
perfect progressive: Her eyes were red. It was clear she'd been crying.
الجملة الأولى في زمن المضارع التام المستمر: عيناها محمرة، من الواضح أنها
كانت تبكى (ولم تنقطع عن البكاء إلا حالًا أو اللتو)
الجملة الثانية في زمن الماضى التام المستمر : عيناها كانت محمرتان، من
الواضح أنها كانت تبكى) في هذه الجملة ليست عيناها محمرة ولكن الزمن لتوضيح
إستمرار حدث في الماضى على سبيل الإخبار لما كان.
تدريب exercise
Supply the present perfect progressive or the past perfect progressive
tenses. Show where both are possible.
أكمل الجمل الأتية بإستخدام المضارع التام المستمر أو
الماضى التام المستمر ووضح الجمل التي يمكن أن نستخدم معها كلا الزمنين.
1.
I was tired. I
........................................... all day. (dig)
2.
We
...................................................................... for your
call all evening. (wait)
3.
How long
.................................................................................
there? (you wait)
4.
I
............................................................ there since 6
o'clock. (stand)
5.
She
.......................................................... English for five
years before she visited Canada. (study)
6.
It started raining last Monday
and it ......................................................................
ever since. (rain)
7.
I
................................ to the firm regularly for a month before, but
they still hadn't answered. (write)
8.
They ..........................................................................
me about it every day for the past week. (ring)
9.
I knew you
................................... - How did you know? - Your hair was covered
with paint! (paint)
10.
You were out of breath when
you came in this morning. .................................................. ?
(you run)
الإجابات answers
1.
I was tired. I had been
digging all day. (dig)
2.
We have been waiting (or had
been waiting if the context in the past) for your call all evening. (wait)
3.
How long have (or had) you
been waiting there? (you wait)
4.
I had been standing there
since 6 o'clock. (stand)
5.
She had been studying English
for five years before she visited Canada. (study)
6.
It started raining last Monday
and it has been raining ever since. (rain)
7.
I had been writing to the firm
regularly for a month before, but they still hadn't answered. (write)
8.
They have (or had) been
ringing me about it every day for the past week. (ring)
9.
I knew you had been painting -
How did you know? - Your hair was covered with paint! (paint)
10.
You were out of breath when
you came in this morning. Had you been running? (you run)
The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive
compared
مقارنة بين زمنى الماضى التام البسيط والماضى التام المستمر
الماضى التام المستمر يعطينا معنى أو يوضح أن الحدث لم يكتمل ، ولكن الماضى
البسيط يوضح أن الحدث قد أكتمل كما في الأمثلة التالية :
When
I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room.
When
I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room.
الجملة الأولى في الماضى التام المستمر : عندما وصلت المنزل وجدت أن جل
كانت مازالت تدهن حجرتها (أن أنه لم تنتهى بعد، وهى ليست حاليًا تقوم بدهن الغرفة)
الجملة الثانية في الماضى البسيط : عندما وصلت المنزل، وجدت أن جل قد دهنت
غرفتها (الحدث تم قبل أن أصل إلى المنزل وجل بالفعل قد أنتهت من دهان غرفتها)
تدريب exercise
Supply the simple past perfect or the past perfect progressive.
أكمل بإستخدام زمن الماضى التام البسيط أو الماضى التام
المستمر
1.
We ……… all day for the party that
evening and by 8 o'clock we still weren't ready. (cook)
2.
John .........................
a beautiful meal for his guests and they all enjoyed it. (prepare)
3.
I knew she
......................... the washing because the machine was still working
when I got in. (do)
4.
I knew she
......................... the washing because when I got in she was ready to go
out. (do)
5.
By 10 o'clock the children
......................... their homework and were ready to go to bed. (do)
6.
The children
......................... their homework and by 10 o'clock they still hadn't
finished. (do)
الإجابات answers
1.
We had been cooking all day
for the party that evening and by 8 o'clock we still weren't ready. (cook)
2.
John had prepared a beautiful
meal for his guests and they all enjoyed it. (prepare)
3.
I knew she had been doing the
washing because the machine was still working when I got in. (do)
4.
I knew she had done the
washing because when I got in she was ready to go out. (do)
5.
By 10 o'clock the children had
done their homework and were ready to go to bed. (do)
6.
The children had been doing
their homework and by 10 o'clock they still hadn't finished. (do)
ترجمة الجمل
1. لقد ظللنا نطبخ طوال اليوم إستعدادًا للحفلة هذا المساء ومع مجئ الساعة
الثامنة كنا لسنا جاهزين بعد.
2. أعد جون وجبة رائعة لضيوفه وقد أستمتعوا بها جميعًا.
3. أعلم أنها كانت مازلت تغسل لأن الماكينة كانت مازالت تعمل حتى دخلت المنزل.
4. أعلم أنها قد أنهت الغسيل لأننى عندما دخلت المنزل كانت مستعدة للخروج.
5. مع العاشرة كان الأطفال قد أنهوا واجباتهم المنزلية وكانوا مستعدين للنوم.
6. ظل الأطفال يعملون واجباتهم المنزلية ومع مجئ العاشرة كانوا لم ينتهوا بعد.
تدريب exercise
Put in the past perfect simple or progressive or the simple past. Give
alternatives where possible.
ضع الجمل الأتية في زمن الماضى التام البسيط أو الماضى
التام المستمر. أعطى بدائل إن أمكن.
COOKING
THE BOOKS?
Old
Mr Williams was very concerned. He and his wife were pensioners and he (spend) ……………..
the whole morning looking for their pension books. He (look)
........................ everywhere, but he (not be able)
........................ to find them. Meanwhile, his wife (be)
........................ busy. She (cook) ........................ all morning.
She (prepare) ........................ a delicious meal. She (make) '
........................ SOUP, followed by a lovely pie, which she (bake)
........................ in the oven. Mr Williams (always enjoy)
........................ his food, but he clearly wasn't enjoying his lunch.
'What's the matter, Tom?' his wife asked. Mr Williams (have to)
........................ confess that he (lost) ........................ their
pension books. 'I know,' Mrs Williams (say) ......................... with a
twinkle in her eye. 'I've got them'. 'You've got them?' 'Yes - and guess where
I (find) ........................ them!' Mr Williams suddenly remembered. 'In
the oven! I (put) ........................ them there for safe-keeping.' He
(smile) ........................ with relief as she (fish)
........................ them out of her apron pocket!
الإجابات answers
COOKING
THE BOOKS?
Old
Mr. Williams was very concerned. He and his wife were pensioners and he (spend)
…………….. the whole morning looking for their pension books. He (look)
........................ everywhere, but he (not be able)
........................ to find them. Meanwhile, his wife (be)
........................ busy. She (cook) ........................ all morning.
She (prepare) ........................ a delicious meal. She (make) '
........................ SOUP, followed by a lovely pie, which she (bake)
........................ in the oven. Mr. Williams (always enjoy)
........................ his food, but he clearly wasn't enjoying his lunch.
'What's the matter, Tom?' his wife asked. Mr. Williams (have to)
........................ confess that he (lost) ........................ their
pension books. 'I know,' Mrs. Williams (say) ......................... with a
twinkle in her eye. 'I've got them'. 'You've got them?' 'Yes - and guess where
I (find) ........................ them!' Mr. Williams suddenly remembered. 'In
the oven! I (put) ........................ them there for safe-keeping.' He
(smile) ........................ with relief as she (fish)
........................ them out of her apron pocket!
الإجابات answers
COOKING THE BOOKS?
Old Mr. Williams was very concerned. He and his wife were pensioners and
he (spend) had spent the whole morning looking for their pension books. He
(look) had looked (or) had been looking everywhere, but he (not be able) had
not been able to find them. Meanwhile, his wife (be) had been busy. She (cook) had
been cooking all morning. She (prepare) had separated a delicious meal. She
(make) had made SOUP, followed by a lovely pie, which she (bake) had baked in
the oven. Mr. Williams (always enjoy) had always enjoyed (always enjoyed) his
food, but he clearly wasn't enjoying his lunch. 'What's the matter, Tom?' his
wife asked. Mr. Williams (have to) had to confess that he (lost) had lost their
pension books. 'I know,' Mrs. Williams (say) said with a twinkle in her eye.
'I've got them'. 'You've got them?' 'Yes - and guess where I (find) found
them!' Mr. Williams suddenly remembered. 'In the oven! I (put) put them there
for safe-keeping.' He (smile) smiled with relief as she (fish) fished them out
of her apron pocket!
الترجمة
طبخ الكتب
كان السيد ويليامز قلقًا للغاية. كان وهو وزجته متقاعدين
وكان قد قضى طوال الصباح يبحث عن دفاتر تقاعده . كان يبحث عنها في كل مكان ولكنه
لم يكن قادرًا على أن يجدها. وبينما كانت زوجته مشغولة. لقد كانت تطهو طوال
الصباح. لقد أعدت وجبة لذيذة. صنعت له حساءًا، متبوعًا بشطيرة رائعة كانت قد طهتها
في الفرن. كان السيد ويليامز يستمتع دائمًا بطعامه، ولكن من الواضح أنه لم يكن
مستمتعًا بوجبة الغداء هذه. ما الأمر توم؟ سألت زوجته. كان على السيد ويليامز أن
يعترف أنه فقد دفاتر معاشه. قالت السيدة ويليامز وقد عقدت حاجبيها : أنا أعرف، لقد
وجدتهم. رد السيد ويليامز : وجدتهم؟ أجابت : نعم، وخمن أين وجدتهم؟ وفجأة تذكر
السيد ويليامز : في الفرن! لقد وضعتهم هناك كمكان آمن. أبتسم السيد ويليامز
مستريحًا والسيدة ويليامز تخرج دفتره من جيب مئزرها.
إرسال تعليق